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Creating a Directory in Linux

The mkdir (make directory) command is used to create directories.Example [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ mkdir prog-files [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ -The sub-directory, prog-files, is created under the current directory. However, the new directory does not become the current directory. Complete path names can be specified with mkdir.Example [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ mkdir /tmp/prog-files [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _ In the above example, the directory, prog-files, is created under the /tmp directo...

DIRECTORY COMMANDS IN LINUX

Identifying the Current Directory PathThe pwd (print working directory) command is used to display the full path name of the current directory.Example[ Steve@localhost Steve] $ pwd/home/Steve[ Steve@localhostb Steve] $ _Here, /home/Steve is the directory in which the user is currently working.Changing the Current DirectoryThe cd (change directory) command changes the current directory to the directory specified.Assume that Steve has logged in and has given the following command:Example [Steve@localhost Steve ] $ pwd /home/Steve [ Steve@localhost Steve] $ cd /usr/bin [ Steve@localhost Steve] $ pwd /usr/bin[ Steve@localhost Steve] $ _Note that the complete path name has been specified with the cd command. Linux also allows the use of relative path names with commands. Let' s...

Listing the Contents of a Directory in Linux

The is command is used to display the names of the files and sub-directories in a directory.Example[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ 1s /home/SteveDEADJOE X baseball comm tennisDesktop a.out basketball program.cc[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _In the above example , all the files and directories under the directory named Steve are listed. If the files and directories under the current directory are to be listed, it is optional to specify the directory name with 1s.In the above output, you are shown the file names but not the types of files. The -1 option, when used with 1s displays a detailed list of files and director...

Removing a Directory in Linux

The rmdir (remove directory) command removes the directory specified.Example [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ rmdir prog-files [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _Here, the prog-files directory is deleted.A directory can be deleted using the rmdir command only if it is:1) Empty (does not contain files or sub-directories)2) Not the current directoryComplete path names may also be specified with rmdir.Example[ Steve@localhost Steve] $ rmdir /home/Steve/tennis[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _The above command removes the tennis directory, which is located in Steve' s HOME directo...

TYPES OF USERS IN LINUX

System AdministratorThe System Administrator (SA) is primarily responsible for the smooth operation of the system. it is the SA' s job to switch on the system console (the machine on which the operating system resides, also known as the server machine).The SA also creates users and groups of suers for the system, and takes backups to prevent loss of data dure to system breakdown. In Linux, the SA is also known as the root user. The SA has all the rights for the Linux system.File ownerThe user who creates a file is said to be the owner of that file. The owner of afile can perform any operation on that file: copying, deleting, and editing.Group OwnerConsider the following situationA project of five people from the Dynasoft Consultants Inc, is working on a software development project for a...

LOGGING IN AND LOGGING OUT FROM A LINUX SESSION.

Starting a Linux Session: Logging inA user of a Linux based system works at a user terminal. After you connect to the Linux system, a message similar to the one shown below appears at the terminal.Red Hat Linux release 6.0 (Hedwig)Kernel 2.2.5 - 15 on an i586login: _Each user has an identification name called the user name or the login name, which has to be entered when the login: prompt appears. At the login: prompt, after you enter your login name, you are asked to enter your password. Linux keeps track of all the user names and the information about users in special files (the shadow and passwd files under the /etc directory). When you enter the login name and password, these are checked in the above mentioned files. If the login name entered does not match any of the user names in the...

Ending a Linux Session: Logging Out

Once you have logged on to the system, your work session continues until you instruct the shell to terminal the session.Typing exit or logout at the command prompt ends your current Linux session.The system then displays the login: prompt on the screen.In order to maintain the security of files, you should NEVER leave the terminal without logging o...

Features of Linux Operating System

Features of Linux Operating SystemMulti-ProgrammingLinux allows many programs to be executed simultaneously by different users. This feature is called multi-programming.Time-SharingMulti-programming is made possible on the Linux system by the concept of time-sharing. The operating system has to manage the various programs to be executed. The programs are queued and CPU time is shraed among them. Each program gets CPU time for a sepcific period and is then put back in the queue to wait its turn again as the next program in the queue is attended to.Multi-TaskingA program in Linux is broken down into tasks, each task being something like reading from or writing to the disk, or waiting for input from a user. The ability of an OS to handle the execution of multiple tasks is kn own as multi-tasking....

Linux Compared to Unix

Linux was developed keeping unix as preference model. Hence, the basics architechture and most of the features of Linux and Unix are the same. In fact, Linux is also considered another version of Unix. The main difference between Linux and Unix is that Linux is Free. Various distributors pf Linux do not charge a price.but the price is quite low compared to other operating systems. What you get is a full-blown server operating system-- with NO licensing issues. Linux comes with all the development tools you could possibly require-- C, C++, FORTRAN, Pascal, and lot of scripting languages like awk, Perl, and Python, most of which are free . Also, Web servers like Apache, amd browsers such as Netscape provide their versions for Linux, again free.The Unix operating system requires atleast 500...

The Advantages of Linux

The Advantages of LinuxReliabilityLinux is a stable operating system. Linux servers are nto shut down for years together . This means tht users on the Linux operating system work consistensly with the Linux server, without reporting any operating system failures.Backwadrd CompatibilityLinux is siad toe be backward compatible. This implies that Linux has excellent support for older hardware. It can run on different types of processors, not just Intel. It can run on 386 and 486 Intel processors. It also runs well on DEC' s Alpha processor, Sun' s SPARC machine, PowerPc and SGI MIPS.Simple Upgrade and Installation ProcessThe installation procedure of most Linux versions is menu-driven and easy. It includes the ability to upgrade from prior versions. The upgrade process preserves the exisitign...