tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55520279991887890812024-03-05T18:53:27.579-08:00PC TRICKS,TIPS.PC TRICKS,INTERNET TIPS AND TRICKS AND MUCH MORE.
U CAN ALSO REQUEST FOR YOUR FAVOURITE TOPICS.rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comBlogger146125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-72481498462113497112010-01-28T02:28:00.000-08:002010-12-24T23:24:02.416-08:00Windows 7 Versions - Which Edition of Windows Seven is Suitable For You?<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Well, Microsoft released multiple editions of its Windows 7 operating system with the intention of targeting different segments of its user base with different features at different price points.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">However, Microsoft is expected to focus its marketing effort on just three editions - Home Premium, Professional and Ultimate. As a quick rule of thumb, Windows 7 Home Premium is targeted at consumers and Professional or Ultimate is targeted at small businesses.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Here is a list of the available six Windows 7 versions, in ascending order, from least to most advanced:</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">1) Starter</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">A lightweight edition for netbook computers. Netbooks are low-powered computers specifically designed for lightweight tasks such as web browsing and emailing.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">In this edition, Windows 7 will lack more advanced features such as Media Center, Aero Glass, fast user switching, multiple-monitor support, DVD playback, and multitouch support. This edition is geared toward replacing Windows XP on inexpensive computers such as netbooks, a market that is currently dominated by Windows XP. This edition will likely be available only as a preinstallation by OEMs.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">2) Home Basic</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">This edition is designated for emerging markets only; it is for customers who are looking for an inexpensive entry-level Windows experience (limited Aero support, no features such as Windows Media Center or multitouch support).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">It is ideal for homes with basic computing needs like browsing the Internet, viewing photos, and the Mobility Center, while still providing a more secure environment to help protect you from harmful attacks.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">3) Home Premium</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">This edition is designed to deliver productivity, entertainment, and security for home users and mobile PCs. This edition adds to the basic experience include features likeWindows Media Center, multitouch support, the Aero Glass experience, Tablet PC support for laptops, and premium games.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">4) Professional</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">This edition is designed to meet the needs of small businesses. It will include features like advanced network backup, remote desktop access, Windows XP mode, Presentation mode in the Mobility Center, location-aware printing, and the encrypting file capability.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">5) Enterprise</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Windows 7 Enterprise designed to meet the needs of large, global organizations with complex IT infrastructures. It includes everything that Professional edition includes and adds BitLocker protection. It will have the option to encrypt USB flash drives and external hard disks. It also includes DirectAccess, which allows remote workers to access a company network securely without using a VPN, and federated search.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">6) Ultimate</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Windows 7 Ultimate combines every thing from all the editions into one complete package. It is really the same as the Enterprise edition. The key difference is that the Enterprise edition will be sold through volume licensing to companies, as well as through the Software Assurance program. The Ultimate edition, however, will be available to retail customers.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">One key thing to note about the different Windows 7 versions is that each higher edition is a superset of its lower edition. That is, all the features available in Starter Edition will be available on the Home Basic edition, and the Home Premium edition will include all the features of Home Basic, and so on. So you will know that the Windows 7 Ultimate edition is the best. </span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-91521234912590337772009-08-09T23:56:00.000-07:002011-07-01T02:54:27.282-07:00Creating a custom header for stretch templates<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">it is a little more difficult to effectively</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">create a custom header for stretch templates as the width of such templates is </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">fluid. However, with a few simple tricks, you can easily create </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">a unique, clickable </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">header for your blog which will look great no matter how wide (or narrow) the </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">browser viewing your blog.<br />
<br />
I’m going to use the Minima Stretch template, though I<br />
will also include notes applicable t</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">o the Denim Stretch template too.<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">The best way to use a custom header for a stretch template…<br />
…is to create a logo or header image with a block background color !<br />
<br />
This ensures that your header wi</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">ll appear normally in any size of browser window, whether this is a narrow mo</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">nitor or widescreen laptop.<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">An effective method is to use a logo or ba</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">dge, alongside your blogs’ title. If you ensure the width of the whole “banner ” is no wider than around 700px, you can be certain that the whole header will display properly in older browsers.<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">I used Photoshop to create the header for this demonstration, though you could just as easily use GiMP, CorelDra</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">w or you</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">r favorite image editing program10.<br />
Firstly I created a background which is 700 pixels wide and 100px tall.<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">You can make your own header banner taller than this if you prefer.<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Then, I filled the background with a dar</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">k red color (hex value: #333333).<br />
<br />
Ensure you have the hex value of your background color as you will need to use this value later on in this tutorial.<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Secondly, I added the blog title i</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">n white text11 with a little shading to ensure this stands out from the background (the</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">re are loads of excellent free fonts available from DaFont12).</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><br />
I aligned this title to the right o</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">f the image, leaving space to the left so I can add a logo afterwards.<br />
Here is what the header banner looks like at this stage:<br />
Now</span><br />
<a class="gobump" class=" class style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYWO5a-LOpBfNXN0YeIktzA5AR7_VjwQuOHQzjmx5Z2KLib9rYxyyo8kNeX-eBXpERNn8yeHJGuWdS78C32KdDRuu1YBVQRkI703Rin7OgldrVZYStRi5jBF-0cq6KlMoeMZYfwEW_azE/s1600-h/544.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 351px; height: 50px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYWO5a-LOpBfNXN0YeIktzA5AR7_VjwQuOHQzjmx5Z2KLib9rYxyyo8kNeX-eBXpERNn8yeHJGuWdS78C32KdDRuu1YBVQRkI703Rin7OgldrVZYStRi5jBF-0cq6KlMoeMZYfwEW_azE/s320/544.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368230762770247666" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Now I’d like to add a contrasting logo to the left of the header title, which will add some</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">personality to the head section of the design.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">If you already have your own logo, you can simply paste this beside your header. However,</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">for this template I’m going to use a badge style logo created using the free service from</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">FreshBadge.com13.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">I created a badge using variants of red, and changed the size to 70pixels in height. Then I</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">pasted this badge into my header banner, to the left of the title text, and saved</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> the</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">completed banner in GIF format:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1_bJaFHuh6ghtRyzfT4GsCB6x-Wm3JqChwk2i9oDNvSV_cF4MubW2F7M8mRUGIvr3gcrmb2RiEzJDU4TpwJkc0Fx2CFWC_Q0Z7FmFMVJegmBIkO75H9n2rDeHeB7QchlZb5VAncNISBU/s1600-h/544.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 363px; height: 52px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1_bJaFHuh6ghtRyzfT4GsCB6x-Wm3JqChwk2i9oDNvSV_cF4MubW2F7M8mRUGIvr3gcrmb2RiEzJDU4TpwJkc0Fx2CFWC_Q0Z7FmFMVJegmBIkO75H9n2rDeHeB7QchlZb5VAncNISBU/s320/544.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368231206682774290" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Upload your image to Blogger</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">To use this banner as the header, we will upload this to Blogger using the in-built image</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">upload feature.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Simply go to Template>Page Elements in your Blogger dashboards and click on the “edit”</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">link in the header widget.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Choose to upload a new image fro</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">m your computer and browse to the location where you</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">have saved your custom banner design.<br />
<br />
Upload this to Blogger, and check the radio box</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">which says “Use instead of title and description”.</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">This ensures that your blog’s nam</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">e will still appear in the top right of your browser, but</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">nothing will interfere with the appearance of your new header banner.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">After uploading my header to Blogger, the template appears like this:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUACKuWcXtEmBEBnXz0RQgZeu-kUtfxGGKGS8_hQtHapqfVMFEBGte0OBsTJe9nv_KitTTZDbJ9Q1Bn_-tPpRRNm32bgAh8x8okoAxF4oRzeIMVjvLGuXTfB4vMHRrhN3SQuk0H2Gsv48/s1600-h/555.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 98px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUACKuWcXtEmBEBnXz0RQgZeu-kUtfxGGKGS8_hQtHapqfVMFEBGte0OBsTJe9nv_KitTTZDbJ9Q1Bn_-tPpRRNm32bgAh8x8okoAxF4oRzeIMVjvLGuXTfB4vMHRrhN3SQuk0H2Gsv48/s320/555.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368232764926052802" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Blend the banner with the background of the header</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">So far, the header banner doesn’t blend with the background of the header at all. We</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">need to add a background color to the header section which is the same value as the</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">background of our banner, which ensures it blends seamlessly.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">To do this, go to Template>Edit HTML in your blogger dashboard, and find the following</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">section of code near the beginning of the <b:skin> section:</b:skin></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">#header -wrapper {</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">margin:0 2% 10px;</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">border:1px solid $bordercolor;</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">}</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Here we will add a background color with the same hex value as the background of the</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">banner (in my example, this is #333333). So add the line highlighted in red to this section</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">of code, substituting the hex value for that of your own banner background color:</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">#header -wrapper {</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">margin:0 2% 10px;</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">background: #333333;</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">border:1px solid $bordercolor;</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">}</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Now, my demonstration template looks like this:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFyNjoNGsCuG3mLIYg0x53RPVRtszcEPcYnL6JQctFQy31JLFtzhgq7-LFMt4feTLdCwUsrWx8AvnMYdQyllLqzi8BjUfNAhKUkJTTKxtAkGfbRDo7QFkPukD_9_o0c8-bpgSdt46byyc/s1600-h/544.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 99px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFyNjoNGsCuG3mLIYg0x53RPVRtszcEPcYnL6JQctFQy31JLFtzhgq7-LFMt4feTLdCwUsrWx8AvnMYdQyllLqzi8BjUfNAhKUkJTTKxtAkGfbRDo7QFkPukD_9_o0c8-bpgSdt46byyc/s320/544.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368234198740024674" border="0" /></a><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Now this is looking better,</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">wht say</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">........................................</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-79034998440200382492009-06-25T01:50:00.000-07:002009-06-27T01:46:19.163-07:00WEB HOSTING AT MAKEMYHOST.COM AT 50% OFF<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpjlSv9E4WinuRhhN4AuQrm7oqtHw0jfM0lC0ZoVrmfmFNBpRcJwEqBdQHUpFzwW0VaQJLQ3vTDxxbuaFsGj6Q66jJa8eQ33axSZvhSz9WMRAhDM9PizhtYTlf30m5Wmz8BRlzMHknQk/s1600-h/makemyhost1.JPG"> </a> <span class="widget-item-control"> <span class="item-control blog-admin"> <a linkindex="3" class="quickedit" href="http://www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=3390997972526934192&widgetType=Image&widgetId=Image1&action=editWidget" onclick="'return" target="configImage1" title="Edit"> </a></span></span><div id="main-wrapper"><div class="main section" id="main"><div class="widget Blog" id="Blog1"><div class="blog-posts hfeed"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template"><h3 class="post-title entry-title"> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a linkindex="10" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpjlSv9E4WinuRhhN4AuQrm7oqtHw0jfM0lC0ZoVrmfmFNBpRcJwEqBdQHUpFzwW0VaQJLQ3vTDxxbuaFsGj6Q66jJa8eQ33axSZvhSz9WMRAhDM9PizhtYTlf30m5Wmz8BRlzMHknQk/s1600-h/makemyhost1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; 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color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">Browse our web hosting areas and choose the best plan that will suit all your needs.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">MakeMyHost values every single client we have.<br /><br />We listen and we want to hear from you.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"> </span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">If you have any questions regarding any of our linux hosting or dedicated hosting, eMail hosting – feel free to contact us.Thank you for choosing MakeMyHost your web hosting provider!</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-7844061327206623382009-06-25T01:49:00.001-07:002010-12-24T23:24:36.501-08:00Creating a Directory in Linux<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">The mkdir (make directory) command is used to create directories.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ mkdir prog-files</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ -</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">The sub-directory, prog-files, is created under the current directory. However, the new directory does not become the current directory. Complete path names can be specified with mkdir.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ mkdir /tmp/prog-files</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">In the above example, the directory, prog-files, is created under the /tmp directory.</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-61605883674885964682009-06-25T01:45:00.000-07:002010-09-25T06:52:15.491-07:00DIRECTORY COMMANDS IN LINUX<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Identifying the Current Directory Path</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">The pwd (print working directory) command is used to display the full path name of the current directory.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost Steve] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/home/Steve</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhostb Steve] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Here, /home/Steve is the directory in which the user is currently working.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Changing the Current Directory</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">The cd (change directory) command changes the current directory to the directory specified.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Assume that Steve has logged in and has given the following command:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [Steve@localhost Steve ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> /home/Steve</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve] $ cd /usr/bin</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve] $ pwd </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> /usr/bin</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost Steve] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Note that the complete path name has been specified with the cd command. Linux also allows the use of relative path names with commands. Let' s look at an example.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Example</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost /usr ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> /usr</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost /usr ] $ cd bin</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost bin] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/usr/bin</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost bin ] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">In the above example, the user, Steve, changed the working directory from /usr to the directory, /usr/bin. However, he did not mention the full path of the bin directory. Since bin is a sub-directory in the current working directory, Steve just specified the directory name and Linux interpreted that the directory is under the current directory.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">You can also use the .. (double dot) option with the cd command to move to the parent directory of your current directory. For example, Steve can enter the following command after logging in, to change to the parent directory of his HOME directory.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/home/Steve</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ cd . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost /home ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/home</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost /home ] $ cd . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost / ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost / ] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">The two dots refere to the parent directory of the current directory. Note that there has to be a space between cd and two dots, but not between the dots.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">The cd command without any path name always takes a user back to the HOME directory.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost bin ] $ pwd </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/usr/bin</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost bin ] $ cd </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ pwd </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/home/Steve</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Recollect that the tilde ( - ) sign is used to denote the full path for your HOME directory. Let' s say there are two directories, baseball and basketball, under Steve' s HOME directory.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost vga ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/etc/vga</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost vga ] $ cd -/baseball</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost baseball ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/home/Steve/baseball</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost baseball ] $ cd - </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">/home/Steve</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">You can use a combination of all the above options in your cd command. Let us look at an example, if Steve wants to move from the directory data1 to data2, he would issue the following cd command.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);">Example</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost data1 ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> /home/steve/data1</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost data1 ] $ cd . . /data2</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost data2 ] $ pwd</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> /home/steve/data2</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> [ Steve@localhost data2 ] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"> </span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-15298547636599207662009-06-25T01:43:00.001-07:002009-06-25T01:44:57.681-07:00Listing the Contents of a Directory in Linux<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">The is command is used to display the names of the files and sub-directories in a directory.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Example</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ 1s /home/Steve</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">DEADJOE X baseball comm tennis</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Desktop a.out basketball program.cc</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">In the above example , all the files and directories under the directory named Steve are listed. If the files and directories under the current directory are to be listed, it is optional to specify the directory name with 1s.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">In the above output, you are shown the file names but not the types of files. The -1 option, when used with 1s displays a detailed list of files and directories</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-9081472174178715992009-06-25T01:42:00.001-07:002009-06-25T01:43:05.204-07:00Removing a Directory in Linux<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">The rmdir (remove directory) command removes the directory specified.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">Example</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ rmdir prog-files</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);"> [ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">Here, the prog-files directory is deleted.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">A directory can be deleted using the rmdir command only if it is:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">1) Empty (does not contain files or sub-directories)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">2) Not the current directory</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">Complete path names may also be specified with rmdir.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">Example</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">[ Steve@localhost Steve] $ rmdir /home/Steve/tennis</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">[ Steve@localhost Steve ] $ _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 51);">The above command removes the tennis directory, which is located in Steve' s HOME directory.</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-58225065953279894762009-06-25T01:38:00.000-07:002009-06-25T01:41:49.395-07:00TYPES OF USERS IN LINUX<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">System Administrator</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The System Administrator (SA) is primarily responsible for the smooth operation of the system. it is the SA' s job to switch on the system console (the machine on which the operating system resides, also known as the server machine).<br /><br />The SA also creates users and groups of suers for the system, and takes backups to prevent loss of data dure to system breakdown. In Linux, the SA is also known as the root user. The SA has all the rights for the Linux system.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">File owner</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The user who creates a file is said to be the owner of that file. The owner of afile can perform any operation on that file: copying, deleting, and editing.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Group Owner</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Consider the following situation</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">A project of five people from the Dynasoft Consultants Inc, is working on a software development project for a private detective agency. An analyst heads the team. The other four members are programmers. The team is working on a Linux system.<br /><br />Each programmer has been given a few programs to develop. The data provided by the detective agency is of a highly confidential nature, and so the data file has been created in the analyst' s HOME directory.<br /><br />One programmer may have to link (join) a program to another programmer' s program in order to test the program.<br /><br />In this situation, each programmer is the File Owner of his or her own program files. Each program, however, also belongs to the other programmers, so that they can use it for linking to the file or directly access to the file.<br /><br />The project team of five users is said to be the Group Owner for the file. In Linux, it is possible to define the users who willl belong to a group. A group of users are also given a name, just as a user is given a name.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Other Users</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">In the example of the dynasoft consultants Inc; all the users of the system who are not members of the project group are referred to as Other Users for the files of that group.<br /><br />Other Users who do not belong to the particular group. For example, the users belonging to the finance department could be treated as Other Users for the payroll department.</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-58562878618754039842009-06-02T06:53:00.002-07:002009-06-02T06:54:24.843-07:00LOGGING IN AND LOGGING OUT FROM A LINUX SESSION.<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Starting a Linux Session: Logging in</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">A user of a Linux based system works at a user terminal. After you connect to the Linux system, a message similar to the one shown below appears at the terminal.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Red Hat Linux release 6.0 (Hedwig)</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Kernel 2.2.5 - 15 on an i586</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">login: _</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Each user has an identification name called the user name or the login name, which has to be entered when the login: prompt appears. At the login: prompt, after you enter your login name, you are asked to enter your password.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> Linux keeps track of all the user names and the information about users in special files (the shadow and passwd files under the /etc directory). When you enter the login name and password, these are checked in the above mentioned files. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">If the login name entered does not match any of the user names in the file, the login message is displayed again. This ensures that only authorised users can access the machine. When a valid user name is entered at the terminal, the [user_name@localhostcurrent_directory_name] $ symbol is displayed on the screen. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">This is the shell prompt, in which user_name is the user' s login name and current_directory_name is the user' s current working directory.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">The administrator assigns each user a HOME directory when a new login account is created. When you log in, you are taken directly into your HOME directory. In Linux, login names (usernames) are usually the names of the users, and their HOME directory usually, although not necessarily, has the same time. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">For instance, if your user name is tom and your HOME directory name is also tom, after logging in, you will see the following prompt on the screen.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">[tom@localhost tom] $</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">You can now start working on Linux.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">You have to be careful while typing your Login name and password, as this are case-sensitive. The entire login process appears like the one shown below:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Red Hat Linux release 6.0 (Hedwig)</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Kernel 2.2.5 - 15 on an i586</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Login:Tom</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">password: [user enters password here]</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Last login: Sat Sep 18 12:18:02 from 172.17.55.167</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">[tom@localhost tom] $</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">A Sample Linux Login Screen</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-50029972822240001232009-06-02T06:53:00.001-07:002009-06-02T06:53:38.566-07:00Ending a Linux Session: Logging Out<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Once you have logged on to the system, your work session continues until you instruct the shell to terminal the session.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Typing exit or logout at the command prompt ends your current Linux session.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">The system then displays the login: prompt on the screen.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">In order to maintain the security of files, you should NEVER leave the terminal without logging out.</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-50554796277420245732009-06-02T06:51:00.000-07:002009-06-02T06:53:05.901-07:00Features of Linux Operating System<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Features of Linux Operating System</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Multi-Programming</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Linux allows many programs to be executed simultaneously by different users. This feature is called multi-programming.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Time-Sharing</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Multi-programming is made possible on the Linux system by the concept of time-sharing. The operating system has to manage the various programs to be executed. The programs are queued and CPU time is shraed among them. Each program gets CPU time for a sepcific period and is then put back in the queue to wait its turn again as the next program in the queue is attended to.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Multi-Tasking</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">A program in Linux is broken down into tasks, each task being something like reading from or writing to the disk, or waiting for input from a user. The ability of an OS to handle the execution of multiple tasks is kn own as multi-tasking.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);"> When a task is waiting for the completion of an activity, the CPU, instead of wasting time, starts executing the next task. Therefore, while one task is waiting for input from the user, another program could be reading from the hard disk.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">To explain the concept of multi-taskign, let's make a simple example. You are having a cup of coffee, reading a book, and talking to your friend over the phone. You are actually performing more than one task simultaneously.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">However, at a given point in time, you would be either sipping coffee, reading the book, or speaking over the phone. As you notice, you divide your time into smaller units and in each unit of time.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">you would be doing only one of the tasks. Similarly, the CPU divides the time between all the active task.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">The kernel is responsible for scheduling the tasks.</span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-44731814886468025152009-06-02T06:42:00.000-07:002009-06-02T06:50:58.233-07:00Linux Compared to Unix<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Linux was developed keeping unix as preference model. Hence, the basics architechture and most of the features of Linux and Unix are the same. In fact, Linux is also considered another version of Unix. The main difference between Linux and Unix is that Linux is Free. Various distributors pf Linux do not charge a price.<br /><br />but the price is quite low compared to other operating systems. What you get is a full-blown server operating system-- with NO licensing issues. Linux comes with all the development tools you could possibly require-- C, C++, FORTRAN, Pascal, and lot of scripting languages like awk, Perl, and Python, most of which are free . Also, Web servers like Apache, amd browsers such as Netscape provide their versions for Linux, again free.<br /><br />The Unix operating system requires atleast 500 mb of hard disk space., whereas Linux can be installed on a computer with a little as 150 mb of hard disk space and can run on 8 MB of RAM.<br /><br /><br /><table border="1" bordercolor="yellow" width="100%" bgcolor="green"><br /><tr><br /><td> Features </td><br /><td> Linux</td><br /><td> Unix</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>Shells available</td><br /><td> bash, pdksh, tcsh, zsh, ash</td><br /><td> Bourne, Kom, C </td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td> Variants </td><br /><td>Red hat, Calders, Debian, LinuxPPC, SUSE </td><br /><td>AT & T, MULTICS, TICS, BSD, SCO, HP-Ux, IRIX, Ultrix, XENIX Sun Solaris</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><br />Licensing <br /></td><br /><td><br />Freely distributed <br /></td><br /><td><br />Expensive licensing<br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-5790319964329352052009-06-02T06:41:00.000-07:002009-06-02T06:42:49.243-07:00The Advantages of Linux<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-weight: bold;">The Advantages of Linux</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><br />Reliability<br /><br />Linux is a stable operating system. Linux servers are nto shut down for years together . This means tht users on the Linux operating system work consistensly with the Linux server, without reporting any operating system failures.<br /><br />Backwadrd Compatibility<br /><br />Linux is siad toe be backward compatible. This implies that Linux has excellent support for older hardware. It can run on different types of processors, not just Intel. It can run on 386 and 486 Intel processors. It also runs well on DEC' s Alpha processor, Sun' s SPARC machine, PowerPc and SGI MIPS.<br /><br />Simple Upgrade and Installation Process<br /><br />The installation procedure of most Linux versions is menu-driven and easy. It includes the ability to upgrade from prior versions. The upgrade process preserves the exisitign configuration files and maintains a list of its actions during installations.<br /><br />Low Total Cost of Owership (TCO)<br /><br />Linux and most of the packages that come with it are free therefore the total cost of ownership in procuring a Linux server software is low. Also, there are a lot of people and organizations providing free support for Linux, so the cost of support can also reduce. The system configurations reuirements for installing a Linux machines is less, hence the hardware cost goes down.<br /><br />Support for Legacy Devcies<br /><br />Linux can run on a machine with low configuration , such as 386 DX/ Users who have low and configuration machines prefer to use Linux compared to other PSs that require configuration.<br /><br />GUI InterFace<br /><br />The graphical interface for Linux is the X Window system. It is didvided into two web systems consisting if a server and client. Linux has a number of graphical user interfaces called desktop Environments , such as k desktop Enironment (GNOME), both of which are versions of the X Window system. They run in the x sever.<br /><br />when u start in KDEM the desktop is organised into folders such as an autoshart, trashcnn<br />CD-ROM , Printer, and floopy drive. all these folders are simbolized pictorially by icons. When u click on an icon the k manager pops up a browser windw.<br /><br /><br /></span></span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-62425071143811908792009-05-20T07:45:00.000-07:002009-05-20T08:04:05.361-07:00Functions of an Operating systems<span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 51);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Command Interpretation<br /><br />The Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs to understand a command keyed in a user. It can interpret only binary code, that is, code containing O's and 1's . A command keyed in by a user has to be translated to binary code for the CPU to understand it. An OS performs this task.<br /><br />Memory Management<br /><br />Memory management is the mechanism by which an OS handles requests for memory. With the development of highly sophisticated software, memory requirements have increased drastically. An OS has to take care of allocating memory to the various applications running on the system . It has to allocate optimum memory to the applications and clean up necessary data from the memory.<br /><br />Peripheral Management<br /><br />An OS has to take care of the devices (peripherals) attached to the computer. It handles the communication between the CPU and the printer or the modem<br /><br />Process Management<br /><br />To enable several programs to run concurrently, an OS has to ration out the CPU time. It needs to ensure that all the programs get a fair share of the CPU time and no program monopolizes the CPU time.<br /><br />The functioning of an operating system depends to a great extent on the computer system on which it is located. Since there are two basic types of computer systems - single user and multi - user - there are two types of operating systems. Before you learn about the details of operating systems, let 's first have a brief look at the two types of computer systems available.<br /><br /></span></span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-74624597469812285112009-05-20T07:40:00.000-07:002009-05-20T07:45:47.010-07:00Operating Systems<span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">An operating system (OS) is a software program that acts as an interface between a user and a computer. The OS manages the computer hardware, the system resources, the memory, and the interaction between the system and its users. The OS also forms the base on which application software is developed.<br /><br />Some popular operating systems are:<br /><br /></span></span><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Linux</span></span></li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Unix</span></span></li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Microsoft DOS</span></span></li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Microsoft Windows 95</span></span></li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Microsoft Windows 98</span></span></li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0</span></span></li></ul>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-86412716001388607022009-04-12T23:11:00.000-07:002009-04-12T23:33:41.467-07:00schedule a new post on blog<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">schedule a new post means if you want to post a new post on your blog on the following date,but on that date you need to go out on some holiday and if u cannot post on that day.schedule post on blogger will help you for this.it will post the same post on the same day and same time which u want.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); font-weight: bold;">Read below info how.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); font-weight: bold;">1) login to your blogger account and go to create new post section.<br /><br />2)create a new post and write your post there.<br /><br />3)after that click on post options,</span><a linkindex="102" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=1.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"></span></a><div class="mediaContainer"><a linkindex="102" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=1.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"><img id="thumb_img_1" class="media" src="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/th_1.jpg" alt="1.jpg image by sample_020" title="" /></span></a><a linkindex="100" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=postdateandtime.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"><span class="outline"></span></span></a></div><span class="outline"></span><a linkindex="102" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=1.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"></span></a><a linkindex="100" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=postdateandtime.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"></span></a><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4)then u will find post date and time,now u enter the date and time when u want the following post to be published on your blog.click on publish.</span></span><a linkindex="100" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=postdateandtime.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"><div class="mediaContainer" style="padding: 20.5px 0px;"><img id="thumb_img_0" class="media" src="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/th_postdateandtime.jpg" alt="postdateandtime.jpg image by sample_020" title="" /></div></span></a><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">5) now u can see your post is labeled and</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0);">u can see scheduled written over there,now u post will be visible on the following given date and time</span></span><br /><a linkindex="100" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=postdateandtime.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"></span></a><a linkindex="102" href="http://s406.photobucket.com/albums/pp142/sample_020/?action=view&current=1.jpg" onclick="tr('album_thumb_click');"><span class="outline"></span></a>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-33681931243445619242009-04-03T22:21:00.000-07:002009-04-03T22:23:49.717-07:00add programs in Quick Launch section of Taskbar in Vista<!-- clear floats --> <!-- Text Article Step (List Item) : START --> <div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 102);" name="intelliTxt" id="intelliTxt"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"> Open Programs menu through the Start Button (located in the lower-left hand side of the desktop.) </span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"> Right-click on the program or application you wish to add to Quick Launch. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> In the resulting pop-up menu, select "Add to Quick Launch".</span></li></ul> <div class="Step"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><br />Last program now comes in the Quick Launch section, located to the right of your Start Button. </span></div> </div>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-141152081171432142009-04-02T23:40:00.000-07:002009-04-02T23:47:47.547-07:00simple way to add blogger footer in blog<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);font-size:100%;" ><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">want to add any text to ur blogger footer.well this are the 4 simple ways of adding footer in your blog.this works.</span><br /></span><br /><br /><br /><ul style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 255, 153);"><li> Go to your blog dashboard.</li><li> Go to "Layout" and add a new gadget at the bottom.</li><li> Add a link code to your home, add an email link and add a link to your feed.</li><li> your template and see the new footer in your blog</li></ul>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-44896511113177534792009-03-31T09:02:00.000-07:002009-03-31T09:03:20.872-07:00Your Private Server Web Hosting<div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" class="storycontent"> <!-- The storycontent begins --> <p class="storycontent">Shared hosting allows thousands of people to host their own sites at a very reasonable cost. It has some drawbacks, however. Since hundreds of sites can be hosted on a single server resources such as CPU, disk space, and bandwidth have to be shared with your virtual neighbours.</p> <p>Shared resources are usually not a problem for small to medium sized sites. Your main limitation is the lack of control over system level software – http servers, mail servers etc. You don’t have any choice of operating system and you cannot compile programs or do administrative tasks such as setting up Spam filters or firewalls.</p> <p>Many people would say ‘So what? I don’t want to do that stuff anyway!’ It’s true that the majority of website owners have no interest or ability to handle this kind of work and are happy to leave it to the hosting company. Those who desire more control over their server environment or wish to experiment with new software, however, can get access to this level of management with a Virtual Private Server.</p> <p>A virtual private server (VPS) is a physical server that has been divided (using software) into several virtual machines, each acting as an independent dedicated server. The physical resources such as RAM, CPU and disk space are still shared, but each VPS acts independently of the others. Each VPS can have a different operating system and can be configured in any way possible.</p> <p>The key advantage of VPS is allowing each VPS administrator access to the root level of his virtual server. This kind of access allows the administrator to install and delete software, set permissions, create accounts – in short, do everything that the administrator of a ‘real’ sever can.</p> <p>As well as providing more control over your hosting environment, a VPS Web Hosting is more secure than shared hosting. Websites on a shared server all have the same operating system, so if a hacker were to find access to the root of the server he could damage any or all of the websites on that server. A VPS, on the other hand, is divided in such a way that even if a hacker were to gain entry through one account, there is no way to access the others. Each VPS is invisible to the others and there is no way to set up root level access from one VPS to another.</p> <p>Virtual Private Servers can be set up in various ways so be sure to understand how the hosting company has allocated resources. The most common configuration is to divide all the physical resources evenly by the number of accounts. Thus, if there are 10 virtual servers, each would receive 10% of the total bandwidth, CPU, memory and disk space.</p> <p>The disadvantages of VPS are almost the same as the advantages. The control that a VPS account provides can be dangerous if you don’t know what you are doing. You have the ability to delete files, set permissions improperly, allow virus-laden software on the system and, in general, really screw things up. If you don’t have the knowledge to administer a server, or are not willing to learn, VPS is not for you.</p> <p>If your website has outgrown shared hosting, however, VPS offers an affordable alternative to dedicated hosting. When shopping for a VPS host, be sure to find out how system resources are divided up, the number of VPS accounts on each physical server, the method for upgrading, and the choices of operating systems.</p> </div>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-9966911439183225772009-03-31T09:00:00.000-07:002009-03-31T09:02:16.000-07:00what is colocating hosting<h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation is accentually where you lease space from a professional datacenter. This is option to use for people they need physical access to the hardware. Usually collocation is a more expensive option however you do have more control over your server.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation Facility</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> Also, make sure that you are getting your moneys worth. Looking for the right colocation facility to host your servers or sites? First off, colocation is great if and only if you have a strong, working relationship with the facility. You need to know that at 2AM when your mission critical online application goes down, that you will be able to get into the facility (either you or your technician) to make the necessary changes. Many colocation facilities over-charge for bandwidth because, frankly, thats all that they really sell you. Make sure that it wouldnt be cheaper and easier for you to run fiber to another location on your own. If you can get a managed colo option, you should definitely do it.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Dedicated Colocation Server</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> In the strange world of web hosting, you actually pay more for uncertainty. There is certainly a premium on dedicated colocation servers, but if that is what your company needs - go for it. Getting a dedicated colocation server? Be careful, as costs can be high and uncertainty can be even higher. In return, you are getting customization and control. With a dedicated server on colo, you have (almost) complete control over your server and its applications. Alternatively, you can get shared hosting with almost no customization for a handful of change every month. Just make sure you find a reliable, accessible provider that can handle your specific colo needs.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation Hosting Provider</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">So, what makes a colocation hosting provider better than another? Unlike many other organizations in the hosting industry - location matters. While colocation facilities can provide you with a managed network and guaranteed connectivity, they will not be able to updated and edit your mission critical software. For most businesses lookinginto colocation hosting, the provider that is located nearest you or your tech staff is the best option. Of course, reputation matters to. Ask the colocation hosting provider to give you some of their clients names and contact their tech staff to get the low-down on exactly how good that colo hosting provider is. Having a colocation hosting provider in your area is the best solution.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation Hosting</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> Colocation has its charms, but it is especially useful for mission-critical online applications and data-serving, not just sending out web pages. Using your colocation facility to host your website might be overkill. If you are really interested in simply serving pages, look into a simple dedicated server provider or a VPS system. Either one of these will allow you to have the control and processor needed to accomplish the majority of your web hosting needs, without paying the expensive bandwidth and managing costs normally associated with colocation hosting.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation Discount Web Hosting</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation discount web hosting is a growing trend in America. Purchasinga colo server allows you to keep your data behind a professional infrastructure. We recommend several colo offerings here, but if you dont go with them,make sure that you direct access to your server and the colocation facilitiesat every minute of the day. The last thing you want is your colocation serverto go down in the middle of the night and not have access. Getting this at a discount is not as easy though, as colocation is more expensiveand gives you a lot more space and bandwidth than your average shared hosting. Colocation discountweb hosting can be very useful, but make sure the discount doesnt mean cheap!</p> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Server Colocation</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">There are a lot of good reasons to pursue server colocation. Most server colocation providers give you access to network specialists who are familiar with their running technology and keeping you connected - yet another added benefit of server colocation. Colocation gives you added control over your web presence without actually paying the expensive bandwidth and infrastructure costs of developing your own datacenter. Colocation is quickly becoming a method of lowering IT costs. If your server colocation facility provides current, reliable technology and services, you can save significantly on all of your server needs.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Colocation Services</h2> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">When running through the array of colocation services, make sure that they can actually host your particular set up - whether it needs a 1U rack mount, a horizontal cage, vertical cage, quarter cage or half cage. Ask the colocation services exactly how long their systems can run on generators. Make sure that they have redundant connections, gigabit ethernet or OC-12 connectivity, multiple HVAC systems and repeated back up power systems. Generators are also extremely important, given the comonality of natural disasters and power outages. If they cant give you a solid answer about this and all of their colocation services, find another colocation provider.</p>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-47427785675006390802009-03-31T08:58:00.000-07:002009-03-31T09:00:15.265-07:00You can Start Your Own Web Hosting Business<p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);" class="storycontent">Rather than use the services of a web hosting company to host your web site you could start your own web hosting company. If your business is successful this could provide secondary income and lower the hosting costs for your own site(s).</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">Basically, there are two ways to start selling web hosting. The first way involves leasing business space, buying equipment, setting up servers, leasing T1 or T3 lines to connect to the Internet, finding clients, and hiring staff to provide 24 hour support. Quite complicated and not recommended for anyone without the technical know-how.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">The second way is to become a re-seller for an established host. For a monthly fee you can have an allotment of disk space and bandwidth which can be used to sell to other people. Re-selling is usually anonymous – there is no visible connection to the parent host and you are free to set your own prices and develop your own ‘brand’.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">All that is needed to become a re-seller is the ability to pay the monthly fee. All the technical details are handled by the parent company. The re-seller package usually includes everything – even name servers under your own name. All you have to do is to sign up customers and watch the money roll in. Easy – right?</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">Signing up customers, though, may not be as easy as you imagine. There are literally thousands of hosting companies competing for customers, and making your web hosting business stand out from the crowd is no mean feat. Just think about the process you went through in choosing your own web host. You probably visited several hosting web sites, maybe asked for personal references from your friends or business acquaintances, and then after narrowing down your choices, perhaps did more in-depth research on each of the companies. Or perhaps you just signed up with the first host you saw.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">So, in order for your own hosting company to be successful it has to build up a good reputation or be easy to find. Advertising can make your company more visible, but advertising is expensive – especially in a competitive market like web hosting.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">A re-seller account, however, may be ideal for certain situations. If you already have several websites of your own, your monthly costs may be similar to a re-selling account. For the same amount of money you could switch all your accounts to your own hosting company. Sign up a few friends or associates and you are ahead of the game.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">If this sounds attractive, make sure you are going with a reputable hosting company. You will be entirely dependent on them for technical support. This relieves you of many of the headaches of running a hosting company but you are still responsible to your clients if their sites go down.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">There are many types of re-seller packages. Some require you to operate under the name of the hosting company while others allow you to set up a shop under your own business name. Pay attention to the billing aspect of the package. Some re-seller accounts have everything you need to get started immediately, while others require you to set up your own billing gateway.</p>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-91340784455624498682009-03-28T09:22:00.000-07:002009-03-30T07:02:36.454-07:00Computer Repair: Replace Computer Memory<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 255, 255);font-family:lucida grande;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">There are lots of computer repair jobs you can do yourself to save money. One DIY computer repair is to upgrade your computer's memory (or RAM). More computer memory allows more space for your operating system and software to use. This in turn enhances the speed at which your computer operates. It is easy to do this yourself and will save you lots of money.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step1</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >The first step in this computer repair is to disconnect the power from your computer. Safety first!</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step2</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Remove the cover from the case.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step3</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Look for where your RAM memory is located on your motherboard.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step4</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Once you find where your memory is located, check to see if there are any available empty memory slots.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step5</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >If there are no slots available, then remove the old memory by unlocking the levers that are located at each end of the memory slot. The memory should release itself from the slot.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step6</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Place your new chip in the empty slot. The chip only can go in one direction. There is a notch in the chip. It should line up with the socket. Levers should lock in place automatically.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step7</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Apply slight pressure to make sure the chip is firmly seated in the slot.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step8</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Put cover back on your computer.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Step9</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);font-family:webdings;" >Turn on the computer and give yourself a pat on the back for doing your own computer repair and saving money!</span><br /></span>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-74258934094834107422009-03-28T09:21:00.000-07:002009-03-30T07:03:04.587-07:00Choose and Install a Graphics Card<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);font-size:100%;" class="RatingStars" ><span></span> </span> <p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);" id="intelliTxt" class="Introduction"><span style="font-size:100%;">If you can't play Crysis, read this. You obviously have a bad graphics card and you need a new one.</span></p><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);" id="intelliTxt" class="Introduction"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);" class="ThingsYouNeed"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div> <!-- Text Article Step (List Item) : START --> <div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 102);" name="intelliTxt" id="intelliTxt"> <div class="Step"> <div class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Step</span><span class="background" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="number">1</span></span></div><span style="font-size:100%;"> Before you buy, you should know what purposes are you going to use your graphics card for. The main reason people buy graphics cards is that their old card sucks and they want to play certain games (Crysis). Anyways, you need to choose a card based on your budget, power supply output, space in your compueter case, and what you are going to use the card for. I'm assuming you're going to play Crysis, so you should pick a card that has at least 512 MB of VRAM. Once you've picked a card and made sure you've got enough space in your case for it, you need to check if your power supply is good enough. Open up your case and look at the side of your power supply. Somewhere on the side there will be a sticker telling you the combined output of that power supply in watts. A Crysis compatible card should need about 450 to 600 watts. If you have to install a new power supply, read another guide. </span></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Step</span><span class="background" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="number">2</span></span></div><span style="font-size:100%;"> When you are done choosing the card, buy it and wait for it to arrive in the mail. Once it comes, carefully lift the card out of its box and set it on a flat surface. Using the screwdriver to open your case, set the side of the case away and proceed to take the graphics card out of its antistatic bag. Make sure you are wearing an antistatic wristband to avoid damaging the parts. If you do not have an antistatic wristband, handle the card using latex gloves.<br /><br /></span></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Step</span><span class="background" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="number">3</span></span></div><span style="font-size:100%;"> Locate the PCI Express (2.0) slot on your motherboard, make sure the area around the slot is not full of cables. Making sure that the side of the card with the metal bar on it is facing towards the back of the case and proceed to insert the card in the slot. Do not apply large amounts of pressure on the card or you risk breaking it or your motherboard. Carefully nudge it inwards until it will not go any further. Find the latch at the end of the slot and push it down, this will ensure your card does not displace itself.<br /><br /></span></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Step</span><span class="background" style="font-size:100%;"><span class="number">4</span></span></div><span style="font-size:100%;"> Plug your monitor into the DVI or VGA outputs on your card. Turn your computer on and you should see the image on the monitor in a low resolution. Log in to Windows and insert the disc that came with your card. Install all the necessary drivers and restart your computer. It's all good now. </span></div> </div>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-70180016274374012252009-03-28T09:10:00.000-07:002009-03-31T00:49:01.651-07:00Choose a Wireless Adapter for Your Computer<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 255, 255);">You want to connect to a wireless network, but you need an adapter. Learn how to choose a wireless network adapter for your computer.<br /><br /><br /></span><!-- Text Article Step (List Item) : START --> <div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 255);font-family:courier new;" name="intelliTxt" id="intelliTxt"> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">1</span></span></div> Interface: The two most common interfaces are PCI and USB. The network adapters that use the PCI interface tend to be both cheaper and more reliable, though maybe not as convenient to install. To install a PCI network adapter you'll need a free PCI slot, and need to know how to install a PCI card in your <span style="text-decoration: underline;">computer</span> To install the USB version, you just plug it in an available USB port.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">2</span></span></div> Security: Get a network adapter that supports the highest level of security your router supports. To find out what level your router supports, find its manufacturer and model, and look up the specs online.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">3</span></span></div> Antenna or no Antenna: A network adapter with an antenna is usually able to broadcast a further distance than an adapter without an antenna. If the computer you're using will be far away from the router, consider getting a network adapter with an antenna or even a hi-gain antenna for the strongest signal.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">4</span></span></div> Wireless Lan Version: Check the specs of your router, and get the highest version adapter it supports. The latest version is 802.11 "n," followed by "g," and "b." </div> </div>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552027999188789081.post-66555596082417439642009-03-28T09:08:00.000-07:002009-03-31T00:49:14.705-07:00Choose a Sound Card for Your Pc<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 255, 255);">While integrated sound has come a long way since the early days, nothing beats a sound card to increase not only sound quality, but PC performance as well. Learn what you need to know to choose a sound card.<br /><br /><br /></span><!-- Text Article Step (List Item) : START --> <div style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 255, 255);" name="intelliTxt" id="intelliTxt"> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">1</span></span></div> Number of Channels: What you should get depends on how many speakers you have. The most common are 7.1 channel cards followed by 5.1 channel.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">2</span></span></div> Sample Rate: The most common is 96KHz, though there's some above and below. The higher the sample rate, the better the sound quality.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">3</span></span></div> Ports: These can include Line In, Line Out, SPDIF In, SPDIF Out, Mic In, MIDI/Joystick, just to name a few. If you need it, there are sound cards that have it.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">4</span></span></div> SNR: This is the signal to noise ratio. Cards fall in the range of 86dB to 120dB, with most falling in the range of 103dB and 110dB. The higher, the better.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">5</span></span></div> Bit Depth: Most sound cards are 24-bit, though there are a few at 16-bit. The higher the bit depth, the better the audio will likely be.<br /><br /></div> <div class="Step"> <div class="label">Step<span class="background"><span class="number">6</span></span></div> Interface: Most cards connect via plain old PCI though there are a few that connect via PCI Express. Make sure you have the right kind of slot available for your card. </div> </div>rajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08870738255515540556noreply@blogger.com